THE SELLING OF ORGANS: RIGHT OR WRONG :: Ethical Issues, Human Organs

I Introduction All humans have organs. The organ is very important to the humans because without organ humans will not be able to live well. At present, there are many actions that are done by irresponsible people to sell organs. Organ sales cases occur when a person sells or transfers an organ from one body to another body for the purpose of replacing the recipient’s damaged organ. There are thousands of people dying to buy a kidney, and thousands of people dying to sell a kidney because of the lack of organs availability. Lives should not be wasted, they should be saved. Indirectly, there are many reasons why they sell the organs, where the organs mostly sold to and consequences of selling human organs. II Body A Most of the countries have organ selling issues from poor people to rich people and from less powerful people to the most powerful people. 1 The country that sell the most number of organs is India and has become one of the largest country for human organs selling and transplants in the world. a Poor people in India usually sell their organs while they are still alive (Scheper-Hughes, 1998, para. 7). b India hospitals are under investigation by the government because of the illegal organ sales (Carney, 2007, para. 4). 2 People use the body for their own benefit but they cannot change the other bodies for its own interests. a People agree to sell their organs because of their benefit. i Poor families are desperate to send their son to University (Maconachy, 2007, para. 4). ii Most parents want their daughters to marry will be collecting money for a dowry to the groom and they had to sell their organs to make the exchange. B People usually sell their organs in an underground market for human organ around the world that is called blackmarket (Maconachy, 2007, para.1). 1 Most the donors came from middle class family who’s searching clients via the internet. (Maconachy, 2007, para.3). a They find the client from specific sites where most of people posted organ selling on that websites. b The meeting can arranged if the client agree to go through the procedure. c According to Kenichiro Hokamura, he was faced two choice whether to wait for the transplant or buy organ on the internet. i He buys the organ from Japanese broker in China and get the new kidney two months later(Coonan & McNell, 2006, para. 2). 2 In China, the government is trying to strike down the black market (Coonan & McNell, 2006, para.

Abortion and Ethics Essay

For this week’s discussion/ presentation we discussed the topic â€Å"abortion†. Abortion is the termination of a pregnancy by the removal or expulsion of a fetus or embryo from the uterus of a woman. There are two types of abortion procedures; the first is called medical/ chemical which involves the use of drugs to terminate pregnancy and can only be used during the first trimester. The second type of abortion is surgical which involves the use of a vacuum, either manual or electrical. Birth control is also known as contraceptive or fertility control and is a common method used to prevent pregnancy. I will be discussing recent developments in birth control. Does implantable birth control open the door to outside control of a woman’s body? My answer is yes. Birth control allows a woman to control unexpected pregnancies to happen. I personally think it is the best way to improve our communities and it helps lower the percentage of people living in poverty due to u nplanned pregnancies. Implantable birth control is entails a small device inserted into the uterus to help prevent conception. See more:  First Poem for You Essay Implantable birth control is widely known for its â€Å"get it and forget it† use. Implantable birth control is what most modern day women use in our current decade and surprisingly it is widely accepted. People have used birth control methods for thousands of years. Today, we have many safe and effective birth control methods available to us. All of us who need birth control want to find the method that is best for us. And each of us has different needs when choosing a method. Learning about each method may help you make a better decision for you and significant other. Is the morning-after pill equivalent to abortion? In my opinion the morning -after pill is not equivalent to abortion. My reason for this statement is that the morning after pill is used before conception, in other words I consider it to be a preventable measure. The morning after pill is also known as â€Å"plan B† the plan B pill was first approved by the FDA in 1999 for emergency contraception use, wa s originally manufactured by Barr Pharmaceuticals. It contains a hormone that has been used in birth control pills for more than 35 years. Today, it’s made by Teva Pharmaceuticals who bought Barr. In 2006 the agency approved Plan B for over-the-counter use in women aged 18 years and older. It’s now available over-the-counter for women 17 and older. The pill can be used up to 72 hours after unprotected sex to prevent a pregnancy. What about still-unavailable methods like contraceptive vaccines or pills or a patch that render a man infertile? Contraceptive vaccines are a long-acting form of progesterone, a hormone that is naturally manufactured in the ovaries. The shot is given as an injection in the upper arm or in the buttocks once every 3 months to protect a woman from becoming pregnant. A birth control patch has the same effect except there is no injection. These kinds of birth control methods all serve the same purpose â€Å"to control the possibility of becoming pregnant†. To conclude this topic, birth control of course, has serious side effects and should always be taken into careful consideration before use or insertion. In my opinion, it is a safe way to prevent pregnancy and it is not considered abortion. Abortion is killing an innocent human being with life. Birth control is simply a prevention method. We all have different opinions, views, personal and religious backgrounds. I am not, nor will I ever force or impose my thoughts on abortion and the use of birth control on others. This is a free country and we as humans pick and choose our battles. References Dombrink, J., & Hillyard, D. (2007). Sin No More : From Abortion to Stem Cells, Understanding Crime, Law, and Morality in America. New York Univeristy Press. Rose, M. (2008). Abortion : A Documentary and Reference Guide. Greenwood Press. Swedin, E. (2005). Science in the Contemporary World : An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO.

Early Slavery; Middle Passage, and Other. - 1508 Words

Lauren Subia History Paula Marshall-Gray September 16, 2012 Answered Questions 1. Thomas Phillips attitude toward the black Africans reflect pity. It’s not their fault that their climate and area have made their pigment of their skin black. The only reason it’s such a big deal is because their different characteristics from the white people. He doesn’t believe that white people’s skin color is superior, but since society thinks that it’s favorable to them; that’s where their superiority complex comes from over the skin color. The Africans perceived the Europeans as the Satan. They came and uprooted them from their own country; the only place they’ve ever known. They were not asked to leave but forced too and majority of them had no†¦show more content†¦That’s what I believe what Thomas Phillips did. Answered Questions 1. The major themes of equiano’s narrative are oppression and the will to survive. These could be incorporated into a general anti-slavery appeal because these were some of the main things slaves dealt with. In order to make an anti-slavery appeal it needs to be something not particularly good to get to people to notice and look into so they can understand the harsh conditions these people went through and help stop this terrible thing from happening anymore. Equiano intended this for all people because everybody needed to know what underwent on these voyages. 2. It is very important that he remembered this because it’s obviously scared him for life. 3. Of course it would be rendered useless because he lied about experiencing the Middle Passage. It’s like a slap in the face to the people that actually had experienced it. Analysis Now not many of us understand how it was like to be born or abducted to be slaves. I know people have heard and read about how these poor innocent people were forced from their home country and commanded to do hard labor; but I don’t think they really actually understood the severity and harsh conditions these human beings underwent. Olaudah Equiano wrote this document of his journey through the Middle Passage to show peopleShow MoreRelatedThe Slave Trade Route between Africa and North America Essay779 Words   |  4 PagesThe slave trade route between Africa and North America was known as the Middle Passage. From the early 1500s to the mid-1900s Africans were treated poorly and had suffered greatly from the journey of the Middle Passage. The Middle Passage first started out by shipping four hundred fifty thousand people to the New World and then extended to almost thirteen million Africans. Africans were boarded onto ships to the New World in two major locations in Africa i n which are Angola and Gabon. An outrageousRead MoreSlavery, Passage, Freedom, And The Sea By Janelle Collins1393 Words   |  6 Pages According to Janelle Collins article titled, Passgae to Slavery, Passage to Freedom: Olaudah and the Sea â€Å"The slave narrative genre is generally recognized as a text that persuasively uses autobiography to argue against the inhumanity and injustice of the institution of slavery.† This explanation begs the question of what is a slave. Slaves were very common in early American history. Slavery is not something Americans celebrate though. It caused a lot of problems and even set war between brothersRead MoreBlack People And The American Revolution1404 Words   |  6 Pages Throughout history, black people have been oppressed. As far back to the Middle Passage and American Revolution. In this essay, I am going to investigate the ways black people resisted their ill-treatment. I will do this by investigating different time periods between the Middle Passage and the American Revolution so that we may find trends. From my investigations, we see in what ways and for what reasons their resistance varied by their time and location in history. Additionally, we will be ableRead More`` Beloved `` By Toni Morrison Essay1726 Words   |  7 Pagesher family. The purpose of the novel was to show the horrific consequences of slavery and its impact on the American environment as a whole with emphasis on black families. The novel has a melancholic tone that is best represented by the unsatisfied baby ghost in connection to the book’s epigraph â€Å"sixty million and more† (Morrison), which represents the number of African slaves who passed away during the Middle Passage. The aim of this dissertation is to study Post Traumatic Slave Syndrome (PTSS)Read MoreCultural Retention During The Middle Passage1319 Words   |  6 PagesRetention in Jamaica Transport through the Middle Passage was a time of immense misery, suffering, and death for the millions of Africans who experienced it between the 1600s and 1800s. After arriving to Africa from Europe, slave traders violently kidnapped or bought African men, women, and children, for iron, cloths, and firearms. The Africans, most of whom were taken from Upper Guinea, Sierra Leone, Angola, the Gold Coast, which is now the nation of Ghana, and other West African countries knew nothingRead MoreResistance and Opposition From the first slaves came resistance and rebellion in hopes of gaining700 Words   |  3 Pagesunderground, and even in the middle of lakes on houses built on stilts. These villages began to adopt ‘the most brutal tactics: they indiscriminately killed anyone who ventured close to their territory so as to discourage any incursion.’ Those that were unlucky enough to still be captured, even after all the resistance, were taken to the coast where they would board the slavers. ‘It is estimated that 100,000 Africans died in uprising on the coast or during the Middle Passage.’ Revolts were much moreRead MoreChildren, Black, And Free, By Margaret Walker1143 Words   |  5 Pageshave been by a racist system of dehumanizing slavery and segregation, our American history of nearly five hundred years reveals that our cultural and spiritual gifts brought from our African past are still intact† (On Being Female, Black, and Free; Essays by Margaret Walker, 1997). Basically this quote First, I think she goes out of her way to point out the struggles of many African Americans in an elegant and unique way. The dehumanizing of slavery and segregation is something that I believe hasRead MoreColonial American Slavery Essay examples1458 Words   |  6 PagesThe study of slavery in the development of early America is an extremely complex, yet vitally important part of American History. There are hundreds of thousands of documents, debates, and historical studies available today. According to Ms. Goetz, the assistant professor of history at Rice University, who states, in The Southern Journal of History, that in addition to geographic and chronological diversity in the America’s, assessment of experiences of colonial slaves is extremely complex, â€Å"especiallyRead MoreUnderstanding Slaves During The 20th Century1239 Words   |  5 PagesGovernment 2 December 2014 Understanding Slaves In The Americas From the early human civilizations until the nineteenth century the practice of people owning people was a common feature in societies everywhere. Early slavery was far different from what it ultimately transformed into. War prisoners, criminals, and debtors were the common slaves during the first thousand years of civilization. It was up until the fifteenth century where slavery took a huge turn for the worst for slaves. In southeastern NigeriaRead MoreThe Middle Passage And The Transatlantic Slave Trade1594 Words   |  7 Pages Anderson Professor Gray History 1301-155 June 22, 15 The Middle Passage During history there has been plenty of slave trade in different countries. They have traded different ethnicities, and each had a different means of use for these people. What is intriguing is how they commuted these people and how this process has impacted their descendants. A major use of trade in history was the middle passage that was part of the transatlantic slave route. â€Å"The transatlantic slave trade concerns history

Difference Between an Immigrant Visa and Nonimmigrant Visa

What Is the difference between an immigrant visa and a nonimmigrant visa? Your choice of visa is determined by the purpose of your travel to the United States. If your stay will be temporary, then youll want to make an application for a nonimmigrant visa. This type of visa allows you to travel to a U.S. port-of-entry to request admittance from a Department of Homeland Security official. If you are a citizen of a country thats part of the Visa Waiver Program, you may come to the U.S. without a visa if you meet certain requirements. There are more than 20 visas available under the nonimmigrant classification, to cover the variety of reasons why someone may visit for a short time. These reasons include tourism, business, medical treatment and certain types of temporary work. Immigrant visas are granted to those who intend to live and work permanently in the U.S. There are 4 major categories within this visa classification, including immediate relatives, special immigrants, family-sponsored and employer-sponsored.

Religious Aspects Of The Latino Culture - 2746 Words

Have you ever wondered how sexuality is viewed in the eyes of a different culture? Since America is a melting pot specifically with the Latino culture we have and is a very diverse country, it still carries culture identity. When you have a set cultural ideology for example the Latino Culture ideology, it sets the rules and norms for gender and sexual identity. In this essay we will be talking about how religious aspects of the Latino/a culture are affecting how people view sexual orientation. How religion in the Latino culture creates a discrimination against homosexuality and non-gender norms. This topic was chosen because I believe it is interesting how some cultures are used to believing that certain rituals and big events have to be within a man and a woman and cannot be both. I have personally witnessed how sexuality does affect the Latino culture; and has been involved in the rituals that make it so heteronormative. Through evidence of religious cultures, gendered identities a nd family structures we will see how religion in the Latino culture shapes and forms sexuality. I will be examining how Catholicism shapes cultural norms for sexual orientation and gender identity, how heteronormativity is reinforced as the main stream within the religious Latino culture and how it is insensitive towards homosexuality. How having family and social circles that are used to a culture around are perpetuating gender identity against sexuality. First we will talk about the LatinoShow MoreRelatedEthnic Variability Of Hispanic Latino936 Words   |  4 PagesAn Analysis of the Ethnic Variability of the Latino/Hispanic Group in the United States Census (112) The historical development of ethnic categorization as a distinct concept from race in the U.S. Census was defined through the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in October 1997. This criterion was meant to discern between biological/genetic factors and the ethnic aspects of Latino/Hispanic identity as part of this governmental decree: â€Å"The racial and ethnic categories set forth in the standardsRead MoreDifferences Between The And Religious Groups1195 Words   |  5 Pagesexperiences diversity in each aspects of their life, from their work involvements to their neighborhood associates. We live in a diverse nation, with each individual governed by their personal values and beliefs, while endeavoring to spread synchrony and unity. When it comes to understanding families, society should both emphasize the similarities that exist across ethnoracial and religious groups, and emphasize the differences that give these groups their unique culture and identity. We should value Read MoreRace Is Not Biological And Unimportant Factor Essay1095 Words   |  5 PagesIn order to study ethnicity, one must know what it isn’t. Ethnicity is not race, nationality, locality, or religious denomination. Ethnicity is when people share the same cultural heritage. However, in society individuals are often categorized by race. Many believe that race is genetic, meaning that different races are genetically different. This idea has been in practiced since the early 18th century. With the development of technology, specifically DNA testing, scientists studied whether racialRead MoreLatino Culture Related to Purnell Model1750 Words   |  7 PagesLatino Culture Related To Purnell Model NSG 3069 Norfolk State University Twelve Domains in Purnell Model Cultural competence is the ability to interact well with people of different cultural backgrounds (Rundle, 2002). It provides the best ways of meeting the needs of diverse patient population which is always on the increase, as well as ways of effectively advocating for them. This means that cultural competence has the benefit of enabling nurses to deliver servicesRead MoreTransnationalism: The Study of Population Moves1737 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferent nation has become an easier task than it was before. Customs, practices, religions, political standings and cultures have blended in many nations to create an almost global civilization where media and communication through the internet are connecting people from across the world. Societies are no longer a closed entity, causing migrants to emody a hybrid of different cultures and customs which entail their origional ethnicity, as well as fragments of other societies which have influenced andRead MoreMarriage, Family, And Reli gion1687 Words   |  7 Pagesmarriage in general. Marriage, Structure, and Religion Marriage and family are perhaps the most imperative structures within our societies. While our societies evolve rapidly as they grow, it is important to note that values, traditions, cultures and mentalities evolve and change as well. Since it is recognizable that there are variations in every factor that can compose a â€Å"family†, it is recognizable too that this formations are vital in the study of sociology as we seek to be understandingRead MoreModule 2 : Thinking Like A Historian1419 Words   |  6 Pagesthese two scholars by answering the following questions. Be sure to find specific examples in the selections to support your answers. 1.) What issues that surround Latino immigration to America does each author address? Dr. Jason Richwine discusses the Latino’s absorption and integration into the American culture. 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Through research, it is suggested that the needs to employing effective clinical strategies for addressing issues that frequently confront Latino families, such as different migration histories, experiences of racial discrimination, acculturation conflicts, and other cultural dilemmas and challenges can result from adapting to a new cultural setting (Sue Sue, 2012).The United States is rapidly becoming culturally diverse with the Latino population recently becomingRead MoreEvaluation Of A Professional Social Worker Student Essay1564 Words   |  7 Pagesstay home mom so that she can parent Pia and care for the family’s three dogs who lives in the family’s back yard in a mid-size dog pen. Arciniega, Anderson, Tovar-Blank, Tracey, (2008) and Mayo and Resnick (1996) pointed out that machismo among Latino men typically involves the domination of women, who are viewed as responsible for raising children and serving men Pia’s mother Saniya was the only parent present during the observation. Writer was unsure of how to conduct this analysis and wantedRead MoreThe Importance Of Sexual Identity Development1243 Words   |  5 PagesNevertheless, this process profoundly differs among Latino and African-American it is based on white middle-class gay participants (Lewis and Marshall 2011; Bridges, Selvidge, Matthews 2003). The unique stressors that Latinos and African-Americans face on a daily basis have serious implication in their mental health (Loiacano 1989). The queerness experience of Latino and African-American folks are very alike. Both ethnic/racial group members not only share culture with similar features, but they also are

Alcoholism And Rehabilitation Free Essays

Alcoholism, also known as alcohol dependence, is unfortunately a widespread ailment which spans people of all age groups and socioeconomic levels. The health risks of this disease, and alcoholism is a disease, are as widespread as the individuals who contract it. In addition to these health risks, alcoholism is also an influencing factor in another problem plaguing societies, domestic violence. We will write a custom essay sample on Alcoholism And Rehabilitation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Thus, alcohol and anger create a sometimes fatal combination. As a result, rehabilitation success rates are vital in the ridding alcoholism and its negative effects from society. Alcoholism is a disease which can be described by degree. Alcohol dependence describes individuals who have developed a â€Å"maladaptive pattern† of alcohol consumption which is characterized by a developing alcohol tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, or hangovers, and the inability to stop drinking. It doesn’t stop there People with alcohol dependence may progress to alcohol abuse which can significantly interfere with their social lives, their work or their interpersonal relationships. In addition, this abuse can also cause a host of related issues including â€Å"major depression, dysthymia, mania, hypomania, panic disorder, phobias, generalized anxiety disorder, personality disorders, any drug use disorder, schizophrenia, and suicide† (Cargiulo 2007). According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), drinking up to 14 drinks in a week for men or seven drinks per week as a woman could indicate alcohol dependence. In addition, the NIAAA estimates that up to nearly 18 million Americans could be considered alcoholics (Lauer 2006). That amounts to way too many individuals who are addicted to a drug that is both physically and mentally harmful, not to mention the effects on society as a whole. Despite the many mental and physiological problems that are associated with alcoholism, some of the most frightening are the health problems associated with the brain. Evidence exists that shows the damage that alcohol consumption does to the brain. Brain imaging studies have revealed that people with alcoholism have significant differences in parts of their brains than those without alcoholism. The brain volume is reduced in alcoholics as well as the blood flow to the brain. The reduced blood flow has been linked to a lowering of inhibitions and memory, impaired cognitive function in general and even damage to the corpus callosum (Cargiulo 2007). Thus, alcoholism can directly translate to serious problems with the mind. These problems can lead to long term brain damage. Lesions in the brain form in those with long term patterns of alcohol abuse. This can translate into Korsakoff’s disease which is characterized by motor impairment and thinking impairments which can affect a person’s ability to care for himself. In the end, the individual may have to be cared for institutionally. Alcohol affects the neurotransmitters in the brain. As the disease progresses to chronic status, the brain cells begin to adapt to the alcohol that seems to reside permanently in the brain. As a result, the brain becomes reliant on the alcohol to work. If alcohol is removed, the symptoms of withdrawal take longer and longer to subside. Ultimately, the brain tissue will rebel, in a way, and the withdrawal symptoms can be severe, even fatal. Once the cells in the brain die, they cannot be regenerated (Shoemaker 2003). These effects seem to affect males to a greater degree than females. This fact can be explained by differences in drinking patters, choice of alcoholic drinks, rate of alcohol metabolism and the protective effects of hormones such as estrogen (de Bruin, 2005) As such, alcohol dependency and abuse is three times more prominent in men as it is in women even though evidence suggests that for both genders, the numbers are underreported (Cargiulo 2007). As if the physical effects on the body were not bad enough, the behaviors of individuals who are addicted to alcohol are also quite dangerous. The drinkers find themselves to be less inhibited and more willing to engage in risky behaviors. Many of these behaviors can be characterized as aggressive and violent. In addition to the money that society has to pay for the medical care, it is also very costly to sort through all the social issues that alcoholism may create. Galvani (2004) gives several possible reasons why this risky and damaging behavior may occur in drinkers. Physiological theories argue that ethanol, the drug in alcohol increase aggression biologically. A theory known as Disinhibition Theory notes the earlier link between alcohol and cognitive function, specifically the portion of the brain mentioned above that regulates levels if inhibition. The Deviance Disavowal theory argues that the abusers use alcohol as a reason for their behavior and consciously drinks so that they can blame the alcohol for their actions. Social Learning theories explain that people will act in a way based on their experiences around others. Therefore, parents and societal expectations can lead to alcoholic abuse and abusive behaviors (Galvani, 2004). As with many ailments, more than one option for treatment exists. Many of these options can occur in conjunction with others. For years, behavior modification such as one might find in various 12 – Step Program or other similar programs have been the way of choice. These programs focus on the addicts significantly changing the way they behave in society including the people with whom they associate. Either a professional or a group of individuals led by a former addict facilitate the alcoholic’s recovery. Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), is an organization most known for its success rates for alcoholics’ recovery. It is available to anyone who desires its services. Lately increasing research evidence has found that a 12-step program affiliation is not only effective on its own, but even more effective along with professional, medical treatment, including residence based programs. The truth is, â€Å"Involvement with AA is consistently and positively associated with improved drinking outcomes, replicated across a large volume of studies using a variety of treatment methods† (Cloud, Zeigler and Blondell, 2004). The reason for this success is the three core items of AA: identification of self as a member, the number of steps completed, and the quantity of meetings attended (Cloud, Zeigler and Blondell, 2004). It can be a tiring process for an already worn individual. Because so many of these types of programs rely on frequent attendance by the alcoholics. One study sought to find the correlation, if any, between the duration of treatment and the level of intensity of the treatment. Moos and Moos (2003) conducted a study of 276 alcoholics who began formal treatment for alcohol abuse. These patients were involved with out-patient programs, residential programs, or a combination of the two. The average length of treatment was 20. 7 weeks, and the average intensity, or number of contacts, was 2. 8 contacts per week. These researchers first note that the individuals who had longer duration of treatment usually had less intense treatment. They found that patients who had a short treatment duration, which is considered 1-8 weeks, were more likely to abstain from alcohol than those who received no help whatsoever. If the treatment lasted for nine weeks or more, then the patient was even more likely to abstain from alcohol. This seems to suggest that the longer the treatment duration, the better the individual may respond to the treatment (Moos and Moos, 2003). However, recently the question has arisen as to whether or not recovering alcoholics must completely abstain from alcohol or not. Most programs, such as AA, or other groups perhaps affiliated with churches or in-patient and out-patient residential programs, build potential and motivation for success on complete life changes. These changes includes huge behavior shifts which focus on completely eliminating alcohol. Unfortunately, many people do not seek treatment because they don’t want to completely give up the occasional beer or social glass or wine. Humphries, Weingardt, and Hoyst (2005) agree and have encouraged programs like Moderation Management which do not force individuals to part with alcoholic beverages forever. Allowing a choice of goal may be one effective way to increase the numbers of people willing to enter alcohol treatment. It is estimated that as few as 10% of individuals with alcohol use disorders attend treatment; more flexible goals may appeal to a wider range of these people. There is also evidence that therapy can move people toward choosing a realistic drinking goal for themselves (Humphries, Weingardt, and Hoyst, 2005). On one side of this debate are those that argue in favor of abstinence. They say that the disease controls the individual and that this person will definitely lose control of they are exposed to alcohol, even a small amount . (Humphries, Weingardt, and Hoyst, 2005). Never drinking again is the surest way to â€Å"cure† this disease. Alcohol recovery patients are constantly reminded that they are and always will be an alcoholic, just like a diabetic always will be a diabetic. Opponents to the abstinence-only argument argue that people and their problems with alcohol are all different with different times of drinking and different levels of drinking. The researchers use the common phrase â€Å"different strokes for different folks† in describing this philosophy. While they agree that some problems require abstinence, but they allow that other individuals could moderate their drinking and still improve. They call this a â€Å"harm-reduction orientation toward alcohol problems† which â€Å"focuses less on the amount of alcohol consumed and more on helping individuals decrease the harms related to alcohol use. Although abstinence may be desirable, it is not the primary measure of successful outcomes† (Humphries, Weingardt, aned Hoyst, 2005). Some of the personal demographics of individuals who are more likely to experience success on non-abstinent programs include younger people, those with social and psychological stability, those who are regularly employed, and those who believe that they can seriously manage a moderate drinking program. However, if the patients are pregnant, experiencing liver problems, or are in the advanced stages of alcoholism, they may be forced to consider only the abstinence route (Humphries, Weingardt, and Hoyst, 2005). Another reason that some people avoid seeking treatment for alcoholism is their reluctance to commit to residential or in-patient treatment. Luckily, recent studies have indicated that outpatient treatment is effective in treating alcoholic dependency. Studies of this type have reported abstinence rates of 34-59% for 6 months post-treatment, 48 % for 19 to 24-month post-treatment and 52% for the 49-month post-treatment mark. In Bottlende and Soyka’s study of 2005, their rates were slightly higher for the six month mark at 64% abstaining, and 14 % significantly reducing their alcohol intake with a 22% rate of serious relapse. Perhaps, if people understood that they could get good results with a outpatient program, they would be more inclined to seriously consider treatment. Additionally, alcoholics do not need lengthy terms of treatment. Perhaps a brief commitment would do the trick for many with alcohol problems. â€Å"Brief interventions targeting alcohol consumption have been found to be very effective in changing clients’ consumption levels† (Roche and Freeman, 2004). One study cited by these researchers noted that heavy drinkers were likely to reduce the amount of alcohol they consumed six and twelve months after a brief intervention as compared with similarly heavy drinkers who received no interventions whatsoever: A WHO study conducted in eight countries involving over 1600 participants found that brief interventions reduced daily alcohol consumption on average by 17% and intensity of drinking by 10%. Brief interventions also reduce the number of alcohol-related problems, health-care utilization and associated treatment costs and the number of emergency department admissions. Brief interventions are also highly cost-efficient due to the minimal cost of the intervention and the breadth of scope for prevention of more serious and more costly problems (Roche and Freeman, 2004). However, the same benefits were not noted for women or for low consumers of alcohol who occasionally drank at very hazardous levels, also known as binge drinkers. Evidence suggests that â€Å"the majority of alcohol-related harms† affect these moderate to low drinkers who binge (Roche and Freeman, 2004). This study just shows that people do react differently to alcohol. One huge area of research in alcohol rehabilitation right now is in the area of gender. The above study mentioned that women do not receive the same level of benefits from brief interventions as men receive. This has led many researchers to fill the research gap between studies that focus on only males or on mixed genders and females. While women have a lower rate of substance abuse, those that are alcoholics suffer just as men do. In fact, women actually suffer more severe effects in some cases than men do. For example, women have more alcohol related health issues, â€Å"mental disorders, death rates, quicker addictions and greater social isolation and stigma† (Najavits, Rosier, and Nolan, 2007). This is unfortunate because women have become increasingly more addicted to alcohol at younger and younger years of age. However, studies also indicate that while in treatment, women show more rapid improvement and are more able to control impulsive behaviors that are so problematic for men (Najavits, Rosier, and Nolan, 2007). Of course, one rehabilitative method that is often overlooked in the search to rehabilitate alcoholics is the pharmacological method. While drugs are frequently use to aid in helping alcoholics avoid painful and dangerous withdrawal symptoms, others are now being marketed as treatment methods themselves. One such drug is Acamprosate which is a synthetic compound with a similar structure to that of the neurotransmitter GABA and the neuromodulator Taurine† (Scott, Figgitt, and Keam, 2005). Once the patient is detoxified, Acomprosate helps the patient maintain abstinence in the place of rehabilitation programs. This way, individuals can maintain his social and professional life. Several studies found this to be true a year after use had begun â€Å"irrespective of disease severity or the type of psychosocial support† (Scott, Figgitt, and Keam, 2005) the patient received. Also, the drug appears to pose few tolerance issues such as nausea, diarrhea or the like. A second prescription medication is available for the treatment of alcoholism. Naltrexone has also produced very positive results in promoting abstinence among recovering alcoholics. This drug has also had several positive research trials and works better in conjunction with behavioral therapy. One way this drugs works is to result in a reduced urge to drink and negative physical side effects if it is taken in conjunction with alcohol (Rohsenow, 2004). Alcoholism is a horrible, addictive disease that leads not only to medical problems such as brain and liver problems, but also to psychological problems, social problems and even violent behavior. The disease affects individuals differently, and new approaches are always being considered to treat each sufferer. While abstinence only and residential programs seem to have prevailed in the past, the new approaches are leaning to more brief, outpatient programs and interventions that support both abstinence and moderation when it comes to alcohol consumption. These new programs also take into account differences that result from race and gender. With hope, this disease will soon be tamed, or even eradicated, with better and better rehabilitation programs. . References Bottlender, M. Soyka, M. (2005). Efficacy of an Intensive Outpatient Rehabilitation Program in Alcoholism: Predictors of Outcome 6 Months after Treatment. European Addiction Research 11 (3): 132-137. Cargiulo, T. (2007). Understanding the health impact of alcohol dependence. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 64: S1-S17 Cloud, RN, Ziegler, CH, Blondell, RD. What is Alcoholics Anonymous Affiliation? Substance Use Misuse 39(7), 2004: 1117-1136 Galvani, S. (2004). Responsible disinhibition: Alcohol, men and violence to women. Addiction Research Theory 12 (4): 357-371 Humphreys, K, Weingardt, KR, Horst, D. Prevalence and predictors of research participant eligibility criteria in alcohol treatment outcome studies, 1970-98. Addiction 100(9), Sep 2005: 1249-1257 Moos, RH Moos BS. Long-term influence of duration and intensity of treatment on previously untreated individuals with alcohol use disorders. Addiction 98 (3), March 2003: 325-337. Najavits, LM, Rosier, M, Nolan, AL. (2007). A New Gender-Based Model for Women’s Recovery From Substance Abuse: Results of a Pilot Outcome Study. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 33(1), 2007: 5-11 Roche, AM Freeman, T. (2004). Brief interventions: Good in theory but weak in practice. Drug and Alcohol Review 23(1):11-18. Rohsenow, Damaris J. (2004). What Place Does Naltrexone Have in the Treatment of Alcoholism? CNS Drugs 18(9): 547-560. Scott, LJ, Figgitt, DP, and Keam, SJ. (2005). Acamprosate: A Review of its Use in the Maintenance of Abstinence in Patients with Alcohol Dependence. CNS Drugs 19(5): 445- 464 Shoemaker, W. (2003). Alcohol’s Effects on the Brain. Nutritional Health Review: The Consumer’s Medical Journal 88: How to cite Alcoholism And Rehabilitation, Papers

Analysis of Leadership Managerial Applications

Question: Discuss about the Business Analysis of Leadership for Managerial Applications. Answer: Investigation of the Importance of Teamwork and Communication in Creating an Effective Leadership Quality Team work is one of the most important aspects in order to create an effective leadership quality as a successful leader is one who deals with all the issues by uniting his team. There are several subordinators who work under a leader and he has to keep them united in order to accomplish common organizational goals. A leader has to ensure that disputes and the feeling of hatred do not arise among the team members so that the objectives can be attained without any kind of difficulty (Manz, 2004). It is believed that a team can accomplish much more than an individual as more complex issues need integrated thinking and this can only be achieved by good team work. Hence, a leader has to imbibe the quality to motivate teamwork with the main aim to ensure division of labor to reduce the burden of individuals. Also, community and workplace structures need team thinking and team efforts so that work pressure can be divided among various individuals and employees can work without any kind of stress (Qu, Janssen and Shi, 2015). A leader should be honest, hard working, dedicated and moreover, he should be capable enough to understand the importance of team work so that he can achieve organizational goals with an ease. Managing team work is really complex and challenging but it is really very important to achieve success and this is the main reason that a leader is always forced to lay emphasis on managing the team spirit in a better manner. It is believed that the team work is the basis of all the important tasks as it helps to bring success by working together. Also, team brings enthusiasm and energy and motivates the employees to become more productive (Shamir and Fox, 2011). Apart from this, communication is the backbone to create an effective leadership quality as good communicators are always treated as good leaders. It is important to develop communication skills among the whole team to attain the significant benchmarks of business by effective leadership. In order to build an effective leadership quality, a leader should clarify the goals of communication and to plan all the important aspects before communicating it to various team members. Keeping an open mind is an important part of communication process by identifying the key points in the message. Poorly stated aim of the communication is a major drawback in the process of communication and therefore, a leadership should try to define the major aims of communication before passing the message to several individuals (Shamir and Fox, 2011). It is not at all possible to become a great leader without being a successful communicator. Also, a leader should have the quality to shut up and listen to others so that he may understand the perspective of his team members and guide them to attain success. Besides this, a leader should replace ego with empathy as it is also a part of effective communication as this clearly shows the importance of communication in creating the effective leadership quality (Bass and Bass, 2009). On the other hand, listening is also an essential part of communication and hence, a leader should have the quality of active listening as well as a leader should focus on verbal and non verbal aspects of communication. When a leader listens to his team members then, his team members feel free to share their issues with their leader without any kind of terror. For instance, if a leader lacks the quality of communication then, his team members would always have the feeling of ambiguity and they will not be abl e to work properly due to confusion. Therefore, it has been proved from the above evidences that communication and team work plays an important role in order to create an effective leadership quality. Investigation of the Relationship between Leadership and Training Training can be defined as a necessary process by which individuals are taught the skills that are required to do a particular job while leadership is the action of leading a group of individuals or an enterprise with the main aim to organize them to attain organizational goals. In this regard, it can be said that there is a close relationship between leadership and training as the perfect leadership requires proper training and a leader becomes ineffective without proper training. Training is an essential part to become a successful person as it teaches practical implications of all the relevant tasks. Also, a leader makes sure to provide perfect and efficient training to its individuals so that they may perform their best without any kind of major difficulty (Martin, 2006). There are different kinds of training as well as there are different kinds of leadership aspects which show that there is close relationship between both of them. Apart from this, another major instance that reveals great relationship between leadership and training is that leadership requires effective training while training requires a perfect leader so that he may train various individuals to work effectively (Northouse, 2012). On the other hand, training takes time as well as it takes time to become a successful leader. In other words, training and leadership are the essential part of management and there are several methods which are adopted by leaders to improve the performance of individuals by providing proper training to them. It is so true that training is incomplete without an efficient leadership as well as perfect leadership is next to impossible without proper training. This shows that training and leadership share a strong bond as training needs systematic equipments so that individuals may not divert from their path and such equipments may involve stop watch or a camera. Apart from this, a leader makes use of these equipments in order to keep a watch on his individuals to reduce the wastage of time and utilize that time in other productive activities (Odumeru and Ogbonna, 2013). In nutshell, it has been analyzed from the above mentioned information that training and leadership share a close relationship between each other as both are incomplete without each other. Investigation of the Contribution of Motivation in the Development of Individuals into Leaders Motivation plays a vital role in an employees life as not just it offers satisfaction to employees but also instigate them to contribute more in work. It is considerable that motivation also contributes effectively in the development of individuals into leaders. Motivation is linked to high range of employee involvement, and thus, when employees are motivated their quality of work increase (DuBrin, Dalglish and Miller, 2006). Moreover, motivation is an essential required in a good and successful leader because inspiring others is the quality of successful leaders. Indeed, motivation is essential to develop individuals into leaders. When managers motivate employees to work better by being open and responsive they encourage them to become good leaders (Silverstein, 2010). It is noteworthy that when unique ideas of individuals are encouraged and they are motivated to implement those ideas they turn out to be great leaders. With the help of motivational tactics individuals can also be applauded for their good performance (Dewar and Keller, 2011). It is important to consider that a humble recognition program, or posts like "employee of the month", a special holiday, or a special lunch offered to the person motivates him or her to put in a little extra efforts, come up with good ideas and work like their own leaders due to which they also become good leaders. With the help of motivation the best can be cultivated in people and they can be persuaded to attain success (Kest, 2006). When people are motivated by providing authority and responsibility, it leads to innovation, competitive edge and generate leadership skills in people. Thus, contribution of motivation in turning individuals into leaders cannot be denied. If an individual does not feel valuable and that they add worth to the growth of the organisation, they become irritated and stagnant. People have a requirement to achieve, grow and develop, and thus, when people are motivated and made realised that how important they tends to become good leaders. Motivation is also associated with appreciation which enables people to realise their qualities and strengths, and consequently utilising these qualities and strengths they tend to become good leaders (Klein, et al., 2006). However, it needs to be considered that motivation is both monetary and non monetary and monetary motivations like compensation, rewards and bonuses also contributes in making individuals good leaders. It is because of the reason that monetary motivations also instigates people by satisfying their different needs and when people attain their needs they become self motivated and turn out to be good leaders. Motivation also includes good supervision, right direction and leads people towards the right goals due to which also they become good leaders (Lussier and Achua, 2009). Furthermore, people feels motivated, when they are involved in organisational because when left out of important team decisions or decisions that affect their job, it indicates to employees that their capability is not valued. For most of the people, motivation is more than a pay-check, and when the deep-seated requirement in people to feel proficient and valued gets satisfied they tends out to become good leaders (Dewar and Keller, 2011). Overall, it is notable that motivation is not only an essential quality to become good and successful leader, but motivation is also necessary to develop individuals into leaders. This is because only a motivated human being is able to believe in his or her qualities, strengths, capabilities, and skills, which is essential to become a good leader. Motivation allow people to take risks, to believe in their abilities, to put more efforts in work and to have a sharp perception or viewpoint, and for this reason, motivation is significant in making a pe rson a good leader too. One Successful Leader in Business World that fit to the Statement One successful leader who fits to the statement, that elements like teamwork, communication, training, and motivation have positive relationships with leadership is Steve Jobs. He was an immensely talented and successful leader who possessed qualities like teamwork, communication, training and motivation, and thus, he exactly fits to this statement. It is because of his effective teamwork and communication he built up a successful organisation like Apple Inc. and his training and motivation qualities also allowed the company to come up with innovative and unique ideas. Steve Jobs was capable in target focussed training and always motivated his workforce to innovative and differentiate. These qualities of Steve Jobs distinguished him from other leaders and made him a successful leader also in the business world. One Leader that Fail in Business World that Did Not Fit to Statement One leader that failed in business world is Thorsten Heins who was the CEO of Blackberry for a short period of time. He was not food at communication and this was proved by his puzzling public comments and never able to command the stage of an excellent communicator. He was also not also good in training, teamwork and motivation due to which he failed to compete with big rivals like Apple, Samsung and Google (Finkelstein, 2014). Due to his lack of teamwork, motivation, training and communication skills losses soon approached the company and many employees were dismissed from their job. Thus, Thorsten Heins failed as a leader and did not fit the statement. References Bass, B.M. and Bass, R. 2009. The Bass Handbook of Leadership: Theory, Research, and Managerial Applications. UK: Simon and Schuster. Dewar, C. and Keller, S. 2011. Four Motivation Mistakes Most Leaders Make. Harvard Business Review. DuBrin, A.J., Dalglish, C. and Miller, P. 2006. Leadership: Second Asia Pacific Edition. Australia: John Wiley Sons Australia, Limited. Finkelstein, S. 2014. The Worst CEOs of 2013. [Online]. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/capital/story/20131212-the-worst-ceos-of-2013 [Accessed on: 8 July 2016]. Kest, R. T. 2006. Principles of Leadership: Leadership Management. Futurics, 30 (1), pp. 52 58. Klein, K. J., Ziegert, J. C., Knight, A. P. and Xiao, Y. 2006. Dynamic Delegation: Shared, Hierarchical, and Deindividualized Leadership in Extreme Action Teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 51, pp. 590 621. Lussier, R. N. and Achua, C. F. 2009. Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development. (4th ed). New York: Cengage Learning. Manz, C.C. 2004. Mastering Self-Leadership: Empowering Yourself for Personal Excellence. USA: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Martin, B. 2006. Outdoor Leadership: Theory and Practice. Canada: Human Kinetics. Northouse, P.G. 2012. Leadership: Theory and Practice. USA: SAGE Publications. Odumeru, J.A. and Ogbonna, I.G. 2013. Transformational vs. Transactional Leadership Theories: Evidence in Literature. International Review of Management and Business Research 2(2), pp. 355-361. Parry, K.W. and Meindl, J.R. 2002. Grounding Leadership Theory and Research: Issues, Perspectives and Methods. Canada: IAP. Qu, R., Janssen, O. and Shi, K. 2015. Transformational leadership and follower creativity: The mediating role of follower relational identification and the moderating role of leader creativity expectations. The Leadership Quarterly. Rodrguez, M.A. 2014. Critical leadership: From error prevention to error learning. UK: Aebius. Shamir, E. and Fox, W.L. 2011. Transforming Command and Six Essential Elements of Leadership. Australian Army Journal, IX (2), pp. 119-124. Silverstein, S. 2010. Good People Make Good Leaders. [Online]. Available at: https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/20683 [Accessed on: 8 July 2016].